What are cold sores?

Cold sores

Cold sores, also known as herpes labialis, are a common viral infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). They typically appear as small, fluid-filled blisters on or around the lips, but can also appear on/in the nose or chin. The infection is highly contagious and is mainly transmitted through close contact – for example, kissing, sharing glasses, cutlery or personal items.

Many people experience their first outbreak in childhood, when the virus is transmitted from an adult with an active infection. After the initial infection, the virus remains latent in the body's nerve pathways and can be reactivated later in life, especially in connection with stress, sunlight, illness, or a weakened immune system.

Symptoms include itching, tingling, and burning in the affected area, often followed by blistering, which later ruptures to form ulcers. These are covered by a crust and usually heal within 1-2 weeks. For some people, cold sores may recur periodically, while others may only experience a single outbreak in their lifetime.

Since herpes is a virus, it cannot be cured. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and shortening the healing period. There are both over-the-counter products such as creams and patches, as well as prescription antiviral medications for more severe or frequent outbreaks. It is important to start treatment early in the outbreak to achieve the best effect.
Prevention involves avoiding contact with infected areas, especially when there are active sores. Using sunblock on the lips can help prevent outbreaks, especially in people who react to UV light.

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